See Comparison with other national and international IGs for a comparison between AU Core profiles and profiles in other implementation guides.

Usage scenarios

The following are supported usage scenarios for this profile:

• Query for diagnostic results for a patient
• Query for category of diagnostic results (e.g. all cardiology results)
• Record or update a diagnostic result for a patient

Profile specific implementation guidance

• Observation.category provides an efficient way of supporting system interactions, e.g. restricting searches. Implementers need to understand that data categorisation is somewhat subjective. The categorisation applied by the source may not align with a receiver’s expectations.
• The observations MAY have additional codes that translate or map to the Observation code or category codes. For example:
  • providing a local code
  • providing a more specific code
• The use of coding can vary significantly across systems, requesters need to understand that they may encounter codes they do not recognise and be prepared to handle those resources appropriately. Responders SHOULD populate Observation.code.text and/or Observation.code.coding.display so that the requester can at least display the observation even if the requester does not recognise the code supplied.
• The Observation resource can represent a result using a single value in Observation.value, or can represent a set of results using either Observation.component.value or Observation.hasMember.
  • Although all are marked as Must Support, responders are not required to support all choices, but they SHALL support at least one of these elements
  • A requester SHALL support all elements (Observation.value, Observation.component.value, Observation.hasMember)
  • for further guidance, see the Observation Grouping section in FHIR Specification.
• Observation.identifier may contain the same identifier as in the order or report connecting the resources that are related to a single request fulfilment workflow.
• Source system identifiers that identify the business process (order ids and reporting identifiers) MAY be included as AU Local Order Identifier and AU Local Report Identifier to support workflow and deduplication of Observation resources.
  • See guidance on the construction of an identifier on the relevant Identifier profile page and the section on Business Identifiers in AU Base.

Changes since version 1.0.0-ballot:

• Differential Table
• Key Elements Table
• Snapshot Table
• Statistics/References
• All

This structure is derived from AUBaseDiagnosticResult

Name	Flags	Card.	Type	Description & Constraints
Observation	C	0..*	AUBaseDiagnosticResult	A diagnostic result observation in an Australian healthcare context au-core-obs-01: If there is no component or hasMember element then at least value or data absent reason shall be present
status	SO	1..1	code	registered | preliminary | final | amended + Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
category	SO	1..*	CodeableConcept	Diagnostic service section Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
code	SO	1..1	CodeableConcept	Diagnostic procedure Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
subject	SO	1..1	Reference(AU Core Patient)	Who and/or what the observation is about Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
effective[x]	SOC	1..1	dateTime, Period, Timing, instant	Clinically relevant time/time-period for observation au-core-obs-02: Date shall be at least to day or, if not available, the Data Absent Reason extension shall be present Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
performer	SO	0..*	Reference(AU Core Practitioner | AU Core PractitionerRole | AU Core Organization | AU Core Patient | AU Base Related Person)	Who is responsible for the observation Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
value[x]	SOC	0..1	Quantity, CodeableConcept, string, boolean, integer, Range, Ratio, SampledData, time, dateTime, Period	Actual result Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
dataAbsentReason	SOC	0..1	CodeableConcept	Why the result is missing Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
bodySite	SOC	0..1	CodeableConcept	Observed body part Binding: Body Site (extensible) au-core-obs-04: If a coded body site is provided, at least one coding shall be from SNOMED CT Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
hasMember	SO	0..*	Reference(AU Core Diagnostic Result Observation | AU Core Pathology Result Observation)	Individual observations in a group, study, or panel Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
component	SOC	0..*	BackboneElement	Component results au-core-obs-03: The component shall at least have a value or a data absent reason Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
code	SO	1..1	CodeableConcept	Type of component observation (code / type) Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
value[x]	SOC	0..1	Quantity, CodeableConcept, string, boolean, integer, Range, Ratio, SampledData, time, dateTime, Period	Actual component result Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
dataAbsentReason	SOC	0..1	CodeableConcept	Why the component result is missing Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
Documentation for this format

Terminology Bindings (Differential)

Path	Conformance	ValueSet	URI
Observation.bodySite	extensible	BodySite https://healthterminologies.gov.au/fhir/ValueSet/body-site-1 from https://tx.ontoserver.csiro.au/fhir

Constraints

Id	Grade	Path(s)	Details	Requirements
au-core-obs-01	error	Observation	If there is no component or hasMember element then at least value or data absent reason shall be present : (component.empty() and hasMember.empty()) implies (dataAbsentReason.exists() or value.exists())
au-core-obs-02	error	Observation.effective[x]	Date shall be at least to day or, if not available, the Data Absent Reason extension shall be present : (($this is dateTime implies $this.toString().length() >= 10) and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists().not()) xor ($this is dateTime implies ($this.hasValue().not() and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists()))
au-core-obs-03	error	Observation.component	The component shall at least have a value or a data absent reason : value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists()
au-core-obs-04	error	Observation.bodySite	If a coded body site is provided, at least one coding shall be from SNOMED CT : coding.exists() implies coding.where(system='http://snomed.info/sct').exists()

Name	Flags	Card.	Type	Description & Constraints
Observation	C	0..*	AUBaseDiagnosticResult	A diagnostic result observation in an Australian healthcare context dom-2: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources dom-3: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource dom-4: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated dom-5: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label dom-6: A resource should have narrative for robust management obs-6: dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present obs-7: If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present inv-obs-0: A diagnostic result shall at least have value or data absent reason or a child observation with a value or data absent reason inv-obs-1: BodyStructure Reference extension shall only be present if the body site is not present au-core-obs-01: If there is no component or hasMember element then at least value or data absent reason shall be present
implicitRules	?!Σ	0..1	uri	A set of rules under which this content was created ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
Slices for extension				Content/Rules for all slices
bodyStructure	C	0..1	Reference(BodyStructure)	Target anatomic location or structure URL: http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/bodySite ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
modifierExtension	?!	0..*	Extension	Extensions that cannot be ignored ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
status	?!SOΣ	1..1	code	registered | preliminary | final | amended + Binding: ObservationStatus (required): Codes providing the status of an observation. ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
category	SO	1..*	CodeableConcept	Diagnostic service section Binding: DiagnosticServiceSectionCodes (preferred) ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
code	SOΣ	1..1	CodeableConcept	Diagnostic procedure Binding: Evaluation Procedure (example) ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
subject	SOΣ	1..1	Reference(AU Core Patient)	Who and/or what the observation is about ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
effective[x]	SOΣC	1..1		Clinically relevant time/time-period for observation ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children au-core-obs-02: Date shall be at least to day or, if not available, the Data Absent Reason extension shall be present Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
effectiveDateTime			dateTime
effectivePeriod			Period
effectiveTiming			Timing
effectiveInstant			instant
performer	SOΣ	0..*	Reference(AU Core Practitioner | AU Core PractitionerRole | AU Core Organization | AU Core Patient | AU Base Related Person)	Who is responsible for the observation ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
value[x]	SOΣC	0..1		Actual result ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
valueQuantity			Quantity
valueCodeableConcept			CodeableConcept
valueString			string
valueBoolean			boolean
valueInteger			integer
valueRange			Range
valueRatio			Ratio
valueSampledData			SampledData
valueTime			time
valueDateTime			dateTime
valuePeriod			Period
dataAbsentReason	SOC	0..1	CodeableConcept	Why the result is missing Binding: DataAbsentReason (extensible): Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing. ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
bodySite	SOC	0..1	CodeableConcept	Observed body part Binding: Body Site (extensible) ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children au-core-obs-04: If a coded body site is provided, at least one coding shall be from SNOMED CT Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
hasMember	SOΣC	0..*	Reference(AU Core Diagnostic Result Observation | AU Core Pathology Result Observation)	Individual observations in a group, study, or panel ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
component	SOΣC	0..*	BackboneElement	Component results ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children au-core-obs-03: The component shall at least have a value or a data absent reason Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
modifierExtension	?!Σ	0..*	Extension	Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
code	SOΣ	1..1	CodeableConcept	Type of component observation (code / type) Binding: LOINCCodes (example): Codes identifying names of simple observations. ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
value[x]	SOΣC	0..1		Actual component result ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
valueQuantity			Quantity
valueCodeableConcept			CodeableConcept
valueString			string
valueBoolean			boolean
valueInteger			integer
valueRange			Range
valueRatio			Ratio
valueSampledData			SampledData
valueTime			time
valueDateTime			dateTime
valuePeriod			Period
dataAbsentReason	SOC	0..1	CodeableConcept	Why the component result is missing Binding: DataAbsentReason (extensible): Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing. ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
Documentation for this format

Terminology Bindings

Path	Conformance	ValueSet	URI
Observation.status	required	ObservationStatus http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-status|4.0.1 from the FHIR Standard
Observation.category	preferred	DiagnosticServiceSectionCodes http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/diagnostic-service-sections from the FHIR Standard
Observation.code	example	EvaluationProcedure https://healthterminologies.gov.au/fhir/ValueSet/evaluation-procedure-1 from https://tx.ontoserver.csiro.au/fhir
Observation.dataAbsentReason	extensible	DataAbsentReason http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason from the FHIR Standard
Observation.bodySite	extensible	BodySite https://healthterminologies.gov.au/fhir/ValueSet/body-site-1 from https://tx.ontoserver.csiro.au/fhir
Observation.component.code	example	LOINCCodes (a valid code from LOINC) http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes from the FHIR Standard
Observation.component.dataAbsentReason	extensible	DataAbsentReason http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason from the FHIR Standard

Constraints

Id	Grade	Path(s)	Details	Requirements
au-core-obs-01	error	Observation	If there is no component or hasMember element then at least value or data absent reason shall be present : (component.empty() and hasMember.empty()) implies (dataAbsentReason.exists() or value.exists())
au-core-obs-02	error	Observation.effective[x]	Date shall be at least to day or, if not available, the Data Absent Reason extension shall be present : (($this is dateTime implies $this.toString().length() >= 10) and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists().not()) xor ($this is dateTime implies ($this.hasValue().not() and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists()))
au-core-obs-03	error	Observation.component	The component shall at least have a value or a data absent reason : value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists()
au-core-obs-04	error	Observation.bodySite	If a coded body site is provided, at least one coding shall be from SNOMED CT : coding.exists() implies coding.where(system='http://snomed.info/sct').exists()
dom-2	error	Observation	If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources : contained.contained.empty()
dom-3	error	Observation	If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource : contained.where((('#'+id in (%resource.descendants().reference | %resource.descendants().as(canonical) | %resource.descendants().as(uri) | %resource.descendants().as(url))) or descendants().where(reference = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists()).not()).trace('unmatched', id).empty()
dom-4	error	Observation	If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated : contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty()
dom-5	error	Observation	If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label : contained.meta.security.empty()
dom-6	best practice	Observation	A resource should have narrative for robust management : text.`div`.exists()
ele-1	error	**ALL** elements	All FHIR elements must have a @value or children : hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1	error	**ALL** extensions	Must have either extensions or value[x], not both : extension.exists() != value.exists()
inv-obs-0	error	Observation	A diagnostic result shall at least have value or data absent reason or a child observation with a value or data absent reason : value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists() or hasMember.exists() or component.value.exists() or component.dataAbsentReason.exists()
inv-obs-1	error	Observation	BodyStructure Reference extension shall only be present if the body site is not present : bodySite.exists() implies extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/bodySite').empty()
obs-6	error	Observation	dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present : dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty()
obs-7	error	Observation	If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present : value.empty() or component.code.where(coding.intersect(%resource.code.coding).exists()).empty()

Name	Flags	Card.	Type	Description & Constraints
Observation	C	0..*	AUBaseDiagnosticResult	A diagnostic result observation in an Australian healthcare context obs-6: dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present obs-7: If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present inv-obs-0: A diagnostic result shall at least have value or data absent reason or a child observation with a value or data absent reason inv-obs-1: BodyStructure Reference extension shall only be present if the body site is not present au-core-obs-01: If there is no component or hasMember element then at least value or data absent reason shall be present
id	Σ	0..1	id	Logical id of this artifact
meta	Σ	0..1	Meta	Metadata about the resource
implicitRules	?!Σ	0..1	uri	A set of rules under which this content was created
language		0..1	code	Language of the resource content Binding: CommonLanguages (preferred): A human language. Additional Bindings Purpose AllLanguages Max Binding
text		0..1	Narrative	Text summary of the resource, for human interpretation
contained		0..*	Resource	Contained, inline Resources
Slices for extension		0..*	Extension	Extension Slice: Unordered, Open by value:url
bodyStructure	C	0..1	Reference(BodyStructure)	Target anatomic location or structure URL: http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/bodySite
modifierExtension	?!	0..*	Extension	Extensions that cannot be ignored
identifier	Σ	0..*	Identifier	Business Identifier for observation
basedOn	Σ	0..*	Reference(CarePlan | DeviceRequest | ImmunizationRecommendation | MedicationRequest | NutritionOrder | ServiceRequest)	Fulfills plan, proposal or order
partOf	Σ	0..*	Reference(MedicationAdministration | MedicationDispense | MedicationStatement | Procedure | Immunization | ImagingStudy)	Part of referenced event
status	?!SOΣ	1..1	code	registered | preliminary | final | amended + Binding: ObservationStatus (required): Codes providing the status of an observation. Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
category	SO	1..*	CodeableConcept	Diagnostic service section Binding: DiagnosticServiceSectionCodes (preferred) Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
code	SOΣ	1..1	CodeableConcept	Diagnostic procedure Binding: Evaluation Procedure (example) Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
subject	SOΣ	1..1	Reference(AU Core Patient)	Who and/or what the observation is about Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
focus	Σ	0..*	Reference(Resource)	What the observation is about, when it is not about the subject of record
encounter	Σ	0..1	Reference(Encounter)	Healthcare event during which this observation is made
effective[x]	SOΣC	1..1		Clinically relevant time/time-period for observation au-core-obs-02: Date shall be at least to day or, if not available, the Data Absent Reason extension shall be present Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
effectiveDateTime			dateTime
effectivePeriod			Period
effectiveTiming			Timing
effectiveInstant			instant
issued	Σ	0..1	instant	Date/Time this version was made available
performer	SOΣ	0..*	Reference(AU Core Practitioner | AU Core PractitionerRole | AU Core Organization | AU Core Patient | AU Base Related Person)	Who is responsible for the observation Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
value[x]	SOΣC	0..1		Actual result Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
valueQuantity			Quantity
valueCodeableConcept			CodeableConcept
valueString			string
valueBoolean			boolean
valueInteger			integer
valueRange			Range
valueRatio			Ratio
valueSampledData			SampledData
valueTime			time
valueDateTime			dateTime
valuePeriod			Period
dataAbsentReason	SOC	0..1	CodeableConcept	Why the result is missing Binding: DataAbsentReason (extensible): Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing. Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
interpretation		0..*	CodeableConcept	High, low, normal, etc. Binding: ObservationInterpretationCodes (extensible): Codes identifying interpretations of observations.
note		0..*	Annotation	Comments about the observation
bodySite	SOC	0..1	CodeableConcept	Observed body part Binding: Body Site (extensible) au-core-obs-04: If a coded body site is provided, at least one coding shall be from SNOMED CT Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
method		0..1	CodeableConcept	How it was done Binding: ObservationMethods (example): Methods for simple observations.
specimen		0..1	Reference(Specimen)	Specimen used for this observation
device		0..1	Reference(Device | DeviceMetric)	(Measurement) Device
referenceRange	C	0..*	BackboneElement	Provides guide for interpretation obs-3: Must have at least a low or a high or text
id		0..1	string	Unique id for inter-element referencing
extension		0..*	Extension	Additional content defined by implementations
modifierExtension	?!Σ	0..*	Extension	Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
low	C	0..1	SimpleQuantity	Low Range, if relevant
high	C	0..1	SimpleQuantity	High Range, if relevant
type		0..1	CodeableConcept	Reference range qualifier Binding: ObservationReferenceRangeMeaningCodes (preferred): Code for the meaning of a reference range.
appliesTo		0..*	CodeableConcept	Reference range population Binding: ObservationReferenceRangeAppliesToCodes (example): Codes identifying the population the reference range applies to.
age		0..1	Range	Applicable age range, if relevant
text		0..1	string	Text based reference range in an observation
hasMember	SOΣC	0..*	Reference(AU Core Diagnostic Result Observation | AU Core Pathology Result Observation)	Individual observations in a group, study, or panel Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
derivedFrom	Σ	0..*	Reference(DocumentReference | ImagingStudy | Media | QuestionnaireResponse | Observation | MolecularSequence)	Related measurements the observation is made from
component	SOΣC	0..*	BackboneElement	Component results au-core-obs-03: The component shall at least have a value or a data absent reason Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
id		0..1	string	Unique id for inter-element referencing
extension		0..*	Extension	Additional content defined by implementations
modifierExtension	?!Σ	0..*	Extension	Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
code	SOΣ	1..1	CodeableConcept	Type of component observation (code / type) Binding: LOINCCodes (example): Codes identifying names of simple observations. Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
value[x]	SOΣC	0..1		Actual component result Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
valueQuantity			Quantity
valueCodeableConcept			CodeableConcept
valueString			string
valueBoolean			boolean
valueInteger			integer
valueRange			Range
valueRatio			Ratio
valueSampledData			SampledData
valueTime			time
valueDateTime			dateTime
valuePeriod			Period
dataAbsentReason	SOC	0..1	CodeableConcept	Why the component result is missing Binding: DataAbsentReason (extensible): Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing. Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
interpretation		0..*	CodeableConcept	High, low, normal, etc. Binding: ObservationInterpretationCodes (extensible): Codes identifying interpretations of observations.
referenceRange		0..*	See referenceRange (Observation)	Provides guide for interpretation of component result
Documentation for this format

Terminology Bindings

Path	Conformance	ValueSet	URI
Observation.language	preferred	CommonLanguages http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/languages from the FHIR Standard Additional Bindings Purpose AllLanguages Max Binding
Observation.status	required	ObservationStatus http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-status|4.0.1 from the FHIR Standard
Observation.category	preferred	DiagnosticServiceSectionCodes http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/diagnostic-service-sections from the FHIR Standard
Observation.code	example	EvaluationProcedure https://healthterminologies.gov.au/fhir/ValueSet/evaluation-procedure-1 from https://tx.ontoserver.csiro.au/fhir
Observation.dataAbsentReason	extensible	DataAbsentReason http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason from the FHIR Standard
Observation.interpretation	extensible	ObservationInterpretationCodes http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-interpretation from the FHIR Standard
Observation.bodySite	extensible	BodySite https://healthterminologies.gov.au/fhir/ValueSet/body-site-1 from https://tx.ontoserver.csiro.au/fhir
Observation.method	example	ObservationMethods http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-methods from the FHIR Standard
Observation.referenceRange.type	preferred	ObservationReferenceRangeMeaningCodes http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/referencerange-meaning from the FHIR Standard
Observation.referenceRange.appliesTo	example	ObservationReferenceRangeAppliesToCodes http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/referencerange-appliesto from the FHIR Standard
Observation.component.code	example	LOINCCodes (a valid code from LOINC) http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes from the FHIR Standard
Observation.component.dataAbsentReason	extensible	DataAbsentReason http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason from the FHIR Standard
Observation.component.interpretation	extensible	ObservationInterpretationCodes http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-interpretation from the FHIR Standard

Constraints

Id	Grade	Path(s)	Details	Requirements
au-core-obs-01	error	Observation	If there is no component or hasMember element then at least value or data absent reason shall be present : (component.empty() and hasMember.empty()) implies (dataAbsentReason.exists() or value.exists())
au-core-obs-02	error	Observation.effective[x]	Date shall be at least to day or, if not available, the Data Absent Reason extension shall be present : (($this is dateTime implies $this.toString().length() >= 10) and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists().not()) xor ($this is dateTime implies ($this.hasValue().not() and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists()))
au-core-obs-03	error	Observation.component	The component shall at least have a value or a data absent reason : value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists()
au-core-obs-04	error	Observation.bodySite	If a coded body site is provided, at least one coding shall be from SNOMED CT : coding.exists() implies coding.where(system='http://snomed.info/sct').exists()
dom-2	error	Observation	If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources : contained.contained.empty()
dom-3	error	Observation	If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource : contained.where((('#'+id in (%resource.descendants().reference | %resource.descendants().as(canonical) | %resource.descendants().as(uri) | %resource.descendants().as(url))) or descendants().where(reference = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists()).not()).trace('unmatched', id).empty()
dom-4	error	Observation	If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated : contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty()
dom-5	error	Observation	If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label : contained.meta.security.empty()
dom-6	best practice	Observation	A resource should have narrative for robust management : text.`div`.exists()
ele-1	error	**ALL** elements	All FHIR elements must have a @value or children : hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1	error	**ALL** extensions	Must have either extensions or value[x], not both : extension.exists() != value.exists()
inv-obs-0	error	Observation	A diagnostic result shall at least have value or data absent reason or a child observation with a value or data absent reason : value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists() or hasMember.exists() or component.value.exists() or component.dataAbsentReason.exists()
inv-obs-1	error	Observation	BodyStructure Reference extension shall only be present if the body site is not present : bodySite.exists() implies extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/bodySite').empty()
obs-3	error	Observation.referenceRange	Must have at least a low or a high or text : low.exists() or high.exists() or text.exists()
obs-6	error	Observation	dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present : dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty()
obs-7	error	Observation	If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present : value.empty() or component.code.where(coding.intersect(%resource.code.coding).exists()).empty()

Differential View

This structure is derived from AUBaseDiagnosticResult

Name	Flags	Card.	Type	Description & Constraints
Observation	C	0..*	AUBaseDiagnosticResult	A diagnostic result observation in an Australian healthcare context au-core-obs-01: If there is no component or hasMember element then at least value or data absent reason shall be present
status	SO	1..1	code	registered | preliminary | final | amended + Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
category	SO	1..*	CodeableConcept	Diagnostic service section Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
code	SO	1..1	CodeableConcept	Diagnostic procedure Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
subject	SO	1..1	Reference(AU Core Patient)	Who and/or what the observation is about Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
effective[x]	SOC	1..1	dateTime, Period, Timing, instant	Clinically relevant time/time-period for observation au-core-obs-02: Date shall be at least to day or, if not available, the Data Absent Reason extension shall be present Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
performer	SO	0..*	Reference(AU Core Practitioner | AU Core PractitionerRole | AU Core Organization | AU Core Patient | AU Base Related Person)	Who is responsible for the observation Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
value[x]	SOC	0..1	Quantity, CodeableConcept, string, boolean, integer, Range, Ratio, SampledData, time, dateTime, Period	Actual result Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
dataAbsentReason	SOC	0..1	CodeableConcept	Why the result is missing Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
bodySite	SOC	0..1	CodeableConcept	Observed body part Binding: Body Site (extensible) au-core-obs-04: If a coded body site is provided, at least one coding shall be from SNOMED CT Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
hasMember	SO	0..*	Reference(AU Core Diagnostic Result Observation | AU Core Pathology Result Observation)	Individual observations in a group, study, or panel Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
component	SOC	0..*	BackboneElement	Component results au-core-obs-03: The component shall at least have a value or a data absent reason Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
code	SO	1..1	CodeableConcept	Type of component observation (code / type) Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
value[x]	SOC	0..1	Quantity, CodeableConcept, string, boolean, integer, Range, Ratio, SampledData, time, dateTime, Period	Actual component result Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
dataAbsentReason	SOC	0..1	CodeableConcept	Why the component result is missing Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
Documentation for this format

Terminology Bindings (Differential)

Path	Conformance	ValueSet	URI
Observation.bodySite	extensible	BodySite https://healthterminologies.gov.au/fhir/ValueSet/body-site-1 from https://tx.ontoserver.csiro.au/fhir

Constraints

Id	Grade	Path(s)	Details	Requirements
au-core-obs-01	error	Observation	If there is no component or hasMember element then at least value or data absent reason shall be present : (component.empty() and hasMember.empty()) implies (dataAbsentReason.exists() or value.exists())
au-core-obs-02	error	Observation.effective[x]	Date shall be at least to day or, if not available, the Data Absent Reason extension shall be present : (($this is dateTime implies $this.toString().length() >= 10) and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists().not()) xor ($this is dateTime implies ($this.hasValue().not() and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists()))
au-core-obs-03	error	Observation.component	The component shall at least have a value or a data absent reason : value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists()
au-core-obs-04	error	Observation.bodySite	If a coded body site is provided, at least one coding shall be from SNOMED CT : coding.exists() implies coding.where(system='http://snomed.info/sct').exists()

Key Elements View

Name	Flags	Card.	Type	Description & Constraints
Observation	C	0..*	AUBaseDiagnosticResult	A diagnostic result observation in an Australian healthcare context dom-2: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources dom-3: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource dom-4: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated dom-5: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label dom-6: A resource should have narrative for robust management obs-6: dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present obs-7: If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present inv-obs-0: A diagnostic result shall at least have value or data absent reason or a child observation with a value or data absent reason inv-obs-1: BodyStructure Reference extension shall only be present if the body site is not present au-core-obs-01: If there is no component or hasMember element then at least value or data absent reason shall be present
implicitRules	?!Σ	0..1	uri	A set of rules under which this content was created ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
Slices for extension				Content/Rules for all slices
bodyStructure	C	0..1	Reference(BodyStructure)	Target anatomic location or structure URL: http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/bodySite ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
modifierExtension	?!	0..*	Extension	Extensions that cannot be ignored ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
status	?!SOΣ	1..1	code	registered | preliminary | final | amended + Binding: ObservationStatus (required): Codes providing the status of an observation. ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
category	SO	1..*	CodeableConcept	Diagnostic service section Binding: DiagnosticServiceSectionCodes (preferred) ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
code	SOΣ	1..1	CodeableConcept	Diagnostic procedure Binding: Evaluation Procedure (example) ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
subject	SOΣ	1..1	Reference(AU Core Patient)	Who and/or what the observation is about ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
effective[x]	SOΣC	1..1		Clinically relevant time/time-period for observation ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children au-core-obs-02: Date shall be at least to day or, if not available, the Data Absent Reason extension shall be present Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
effectiveDateTime			dateTime
effectivePeriod			Period
effectiveTiming			Timing
effectiveInstant			instant
performer	SOΣ	0..*	Reference(AU Core Practitioner | AU Core PractitionerRole | AU Core Organization | AU Core Patient | AU Base Related Person)	Who is responsible for the observation ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
value[x]	SOΣC	0..1		Actual result ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
valueQuantity			Quantity
valueCodeableConcept			CodeableConcept
valueString			string
valueBoolean			boolean
valueInteger			integer
valueRange			Range
valueRatio			Ratio
valueSampledData			SampledData
valueTime			time
valueDateTime			dateTime
valuePeriod			Period
dataAbsentReason	SOC	0..1	CodeableConcept	Why the result is missing Binding: DataAbsentReason (extensible): Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing. ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
bodySite	SOC	0..1	CodeableConcept	Observed body part Binding: Body Site (extensible) ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children au-core-obs-04: If a coded body site is provided, at least one coding shall be from SNOMED CT Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
hasMember	SOΣC	0..*	Reference(AU Core Diagnostic Result Observation | AU Core Pathology Result Observation)	Individual observations in a group, study, or panel ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
component	SOΣC	0..*	BackboneElement	Component results ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children au-core-obs-03: The component shall at least have a value or a data absent reason Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
modifierExtension	?!Σ	0..*	Extension	Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
code	SOΣ	1..1	CodeableConcept	Type of component observation (code / type) Binding: LOINCCodes (example): Codes identifying names of simple observations. ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
value[x]	SOΣC	0..1		Actual component result ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
valueQuantity			Quantity
valueCodeableConcept			CodeableConcept
valueString			string
valueBoolean			boolean
valueInteger			integer
valueRange			Range
valueRatio			Ratio
valueSampledData			SampledData
valueTime			time
valueDateTime			dateTime
valuePeriod			Period
dataAbsentReason	SOC	0..1	CodeableConcept	Why the component result is missing Binding: DataAbsentReason (extensible): Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing. ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
Documentation for this format

Terminology Bindings

Path	Conformance	ValueSet	URI
Observation.status	required	ObservationStatus http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-status|4.0.1 from the FHIR Standard
Observation.category	preferred	DiagnosticServiceSectionCodes http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/diagnostic-service-sections from the FHIR Standard
Observation.code	example	EvaluationProcedure https://healthterminologies.gov.au/fhir/ValueSet/evaluation-procedure-1 from https://tx.ontoserver.csiro.au/fhir
Observation.dataAbsentReason	extensible	DataAbsentReason http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason from the FHIR Standard
Observation.bodySite	extensible	BodySite https://healthterminologies.gov.au/fhir/ValueSet/body-site-1 from https://tx.ontoserver.csiro.au/fhir
Observation.component.code	example	LOINCCodes (a valid code from LOINC) http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes from the FHIR Standard
Observation.component.dataAbsentReason	extensible	DataAbsentReason http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason from the FHIR Standard

Constraints

Id	Grade	Path(s)	Details	Requirements
au-core-obs-01	error	Observation	If there is no component or hasMember element then at least value or data absent reason shall be present : (component.empty() and hasMember.empty()) implies (dataAbsentReason.exists() or value.exists())
au-core-obs-02	error	Observation.effective[x]	Date shall be at least to day or, if not available, the Data Absent Reason extension shall be present : (($this is dateTime implies $this.toString().length() >= 10) and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists().not()) xor ($this is dateTime implies ($this.hasValue().not() and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists()))
au-core-obs-03	error	Observation.component	The component shall at least have a value or a data absent reason : value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists()
au-core-obs-04	error	Observation.bodySite	If a coded body site is provided, at least one coding shall be from SNOMED CT : coding.exists() implies coding.where(system='http://snomed.info/sct').exists()
dom-2	error	Observation	If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources : contained.contained.empty()
dom-3	error	Observation	If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource : contained.where((('#'+id in (%resource.descendants().reference | %resource.descendants().as(canonical) | %resource.descendants().as(uri) | %resource.descendants().as(url))) or descendants().where(reference = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists()).not()).trace('unmatched', id).empty()
dom-4	error	Observation	If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated : contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty()
dom-5	error	Observation	If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label : contained.meta.security.empty()
dom-6	best practice	Observation	A resource should have narrative for robust management : text.`div`.exists()
ele-1	error	**ALL** elements	All FHIR elements must have a @value or children : hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1	error	**ALL** extensions	Must have either extensions or value[x], not both : extension.exists() != value.exists()
inv-obs-0	error	Observation	A diagnostic result shall at least have value or data absent reason or a child observation with a value or data absent reason : value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists() or hasMember.exists() or component.value.exists() or component.dataAbsentReason.exists()
inv-obs-1	error	Observation	BodyStructure Reference extension shall only be present if the body site is not present : bodySite.exists() implies extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/bodySite').empty()
obs-6	error	Observation	dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present : dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty()
obs-7	error	Observation	If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present : value.empty() or component.code.where(coding.intersect(%resource.code.coding).exists()).empty()

Snapshot View

Name	Flags	Card.	Type	Description & Constraints
Observation	C	0..*	AUBaseDiagnosticResult	A diagnostic result observation in an Australian healthcare context obs-6: dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present obs-7: If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present inv-obs-0: A diagnostic result shall at least have value or data absent reason or a child observation with a value or data absent reason inv-obs-1: BodyStructure Reference extension shall only be present if the body site is not present au-core-obs-01: If there is no component or hasMember element then at least value or data absent reason shall be present
id	Σ	0..1	id	Logical id of this artifact
meta	Σ	0..1	Meta	Metadata about the resource
implicitRules	?!Σ	0..1	uri	A set of rules under which this content was created
language		0..1	code	Language of the resource content Binding: CommonLanguages (preferred): A human language. Additional Bindings Purpose AllLanguages Max Binding
text		0..1	Narrative	Text summary of the resource, for human interpretation
contained		0..*	Resource	Contained, inline Resources
Slices for extension		0..*	Extension	Extension Slice: Unordered, Open by value:url
bodyStructure	C	0..1	Reference(BodyStructure)	Target anatomic location or structure URL: http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/bodySite
modifierExtension	?!	0..*	Extension	Extensions that cannot be ignored
identifier	Σ	0..*	Identifier	Business Identifier for observation
basedOn	Σ	0..*	Reference(CarePlan | DeviceRequest | ImmunizationRecommendation | MedicationRequest | NutritionOrder | ServiceRequest)	Fulfills plan, proposal or order
partOf	Σ	0..*	Reference(MedicationAdministration | MedicationDispense | MedicationStatement | Procedure | Immunization | ImagingStudy)	Part of referenced event
status	?!SOΣ	1..1	code	registered | preliminary | final | amended + Binding: ObservationStatus (required): Codes providing the status of an observation. Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
category	SO	1..*	CodeableConcept	Diagnostic service section Binding: DiagnosticServiceSectionCodes (preferred) Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
code	SOΣ	1..1	CodeableConcept	Diagnostic procedure Binding: Evaluation Procedure (example) Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
subject	SOΣ	1..1	Reference(AU Core Patient)	Who and/or what the observation is about Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
focus	Σ	0..*	Reference(Resource)	What the observation is about, when it is not about the subject of record
encounter	Σ	0..1	Reference(Encounter)	Healthcare event during which this observation is made
effective[x]	SOΣC	1..1		Clinically relevant time/time-period for observation au-core-obs-02: Date shall be at least to day or, if not available, the Data Absent Reason extension shall be present Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
effectiveDateTime			dateTime
effectivePeriod			Period
effectiveTiming			Timing
effectiveInstant			instant
issued	Σ	0..1	instant	Date/Time this version was made available
performer	SOΣ	0..*	Reference(AU Core Practitioner | AU Core PractitionerRole | AU Core Organization | AU Core Patient | AU Base Related Person)	Who is responsible for the observation Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
value[x]	SOΣC	0..1		Actual result Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
valueQuantity			Quantity
valueCodeableConcept			CodeableConcept
valueString			string
valueBoolean			boolean
valueInteger			integer
valueRange			Range
valueRatio			Ratio
valueSampledData			SampledData
valueTime			time
valueDateTime			dateTime
valuePeriod			Period
dataAbsentReason	SOC	0..1	CodeableConcept	Why the result is missing Binding: DataAbsentReason (extensible): Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing. Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
interpretation		0..*	CodeableConcept	High, low, normal, etc. Binding: ObservationInterpretationCodes (extensible): Codes identifying interpretations of observations.
note		0..*	Annotation	Comments about the observation
bodySite	SOC	0..1	CodeableConcept	Observed body part Binding: Body Site (extensible) au-core-obs-04: If a coded body site is provided, at least one coding shall be from SNOMED CT Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
method		0..1	CodeableConcept	How it was done Binding: ObservationMethods (example): Methods for simple observations.
specimen		0..1	Reference(Specimen)	Specimen used for this observation
device		0..1	Reference(Device | DeviceMetric)	(Measurement) Device
referenceRange	C	0..*	BackboneElement	Provides guide for interpretation obs-3: Must have at least a low or a high or text
id		0..1	string	Unique id for inter-element referencing
extension		0..*	Extension	Additional content defined by implementations
modifierExtension	?!Σ	0..*	Extension	Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
low	C	0..1	SimpleQuantity	Low Range, if relevant
high	C	0..1	SimpleQuantity	High Range, if relevant
type		0..1	CodeableConcept	Reference range qualifier Binding: ObservationReferenceRangeMeaningCodes (preferred): Code for the meaning of a reference range.
appliesTo		0..*	CodeableConcept	Reference range population Binding: ObservationReferenceRangeAppliesToCodes (example): Codes identifying the population the reference range applies to.
age		0..1	Range	Applicable age range, if relevant
text		0..1	string	Text based reference range in an observation
hasMember	SOΣC	0..*	Reference(AU Core Diagnostic Result Observation | AU Core Pathology Result Observation)	Individual observations in a group, study, or panel Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
derivedFrom	Σ	0..*	Reference(DocumentReference | ImagingStudy | Media | QuestionnaireResponse | Observation | MolecularSequence)	Related measurements the observation is made from
component	SOΣC	0..*	BackboneElement	Component results au-core-obs-03: The component shall at least have a value or a data absent reason Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
id		0..1	string	Unique id for inter-element referencing
extension		0..*	Extension	Additional content defined by implementations
modifierExtension	?!Σ	0..*	Extension	Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
code	SOΣ	1..1	CodeableConcept	Type of component observation (code / type) Binding: LOINCCodes (example): Codes identifying names of simple observations. Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
value[x]	SOΣC	0..1		Actual component result Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
valueQuantity			Quantity
valueCodeableConcept			CodeableConcept
valueString			string
valueBoolean			boolean
valueInteger			integer
valueRange			Range
valueRatio			Ratio
valueSampledData			SampledData
valueTime			time
valueDateTime			dateTime
valuePeriod			Period
dataAbsentReason	SOC	0..1	CodeableConcept	Why the component result is missing Binding: DataAbsentReason (extensible): Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing. Obligations Actor SHALL:populate-if-known AU Core Responder SHALL:no-error AU Core Requester
interpretation		0..*	CodeableConcept	High, low, normal, etc. Binding: ObservationInterpretationCodes (extensible): Codes identifying interpretations of observations.
referenceRange		0..*	See referenceRange (Observation)	Provides guide for interpretation of component result
Documentation for this format

Terminology Bindings

Path	Conformance	ValueSet	URI
Observation.language	preferred	CommonLanguages http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/languages from the FHIR Standard Additional Bindings Purpose AllLanguages Max Binding
Observation.status	required	ObservationStatus http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-status|4.0.1 from the FHIR Standard
Observation.category	preferred	DiagnosticServiceSectionCodes http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/diagnostic-service-sections from the FHIR Standard
Observation.code	example	EvaluationProcedure https://healthterminologies.gov.au/fhir/ValueSet/evaluation-procedure-1 from https://tx.ontoserver.csiro.au/fhir
Observation.dataAbsentReason	extensible	DataAbsentReason http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason from the FHIR Standard
Observation.interpretation	extensible	ObservationInterpretationCodes http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-interpretation from the FHIR Standard
Observation.bodySite	extensible	BodySite https://healthterminologies.gov.au/fhir/ValueSet/body-site-1 from https://tx.ontoserver.csiro.au/fhir
Observation.method	example	ObservationMethods http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-methods from the FHIR Standard
Observation.referenceRange.type	preferred	ObservationReferenceRangeMeaningCodes http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/referencerange-meaning from the FHIR Standard
Observation.referenceRange.appliesTo	example	ObservationReferenceRangeAppliesToCodes http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/referencerange-appliesto from the FHIR Standard
Observation.component.code	example	LOINCCodes (a valid code from LOINC) http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes from the FHIR Standard
Observation.component.dataAbsentReason	extensible	DataAbsentReason http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason from the FHIR Standard
Observation.component.interpretation	extensible	ObservationInterpretationCodes http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-interpretation from the FHIR Standard

Constraints

Id	Grade	Path(s)	Details	Requirements
au-core-obs-01	error	Observation	If there is no component or hasMember element then at least value or data absent reason shall be present : (component.empty() and hasMember.empty()) implies (dataAbsentReason.exists() or value.exists())
au-core-obs-02	error	Observation.effective[x]	Date shall be at least to day or, if not available, the Data Absent Reason extension shall be present : (($this is dateTime implies $this.toString().length() >= 10) and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists().not()) xor ($this is dateTime implies ($this.hasValue().not() and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists()))
au-core-obs-03	error	Observation.component	The component shall at least have a value or a data absent reason : value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists()
au-core-obs-04	error	Observation.bodySite	If a coded body site is provided, at least one coding shall be from SNOMED CT : coding.exists() implies coding.where(system='http://snomed.info/sct').exists()
dom-2	error	Observation	If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources : contained.contained.empty()
dom-3	error	Observation	If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource : contained.where((('#'+id in (%resource.descendants().reference | %resource.descendants().as(canonical) | %resource.descendants().as(uri) | %resource.descendants().as(url))) or descendants().where(reference = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists()).not()).trace('unmatched', id).empty()
dom-4	error	Observation	If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated : contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty()
dom-5	error	Observation	If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label : contained.meta.security.empty()
dom-6	best practice	Observation	A resource should have narrative for robust management : text.`div`.exists()
ele-1	error	**ALL** elements	All FHIR elements must have a @value or children : hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1	error	**ALL** extensions	Must have either extensions or value[x], not both : extension.exists() != value.exists()
inv-obs-0	error	Observation	A diagnostic result shall at least have value or data absent reason or a child observation with a value or data absent reason : value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists() or hasMember.exists() or component.value.exists() or component.dataAbsentReason.exists()
inv-obs-1	error	Observation	BodyStructure Reference extension shall only be present if the body site is not present : bodySite.exists() implies extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/bodySite').empty()
obs-3	error	Observation.referenceRange	Must have at least a low or a high or text : low.exists() or high.exists() or text.exists()
obs-6	error	Observation	dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present : dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty()
obs-7	error	Observation	If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present : value.empty() or component.code.where(coding.intersect(%resource.code.coding).exists()).empty()

This structure is derived from AUBaseDiagnosticResult

Summary

Mandatory: 3 elements
Must-Support: 14 elements

Structures

This structure refers to these other structures:

• AU Core Patient (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/core/StructureDefinition/au-core-patient)
• AU Core Practitioner (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/core/StructureDefinition/au-core-practitioner)
• AU Core PractitionerRole (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/core/StructureDefinition/au-core-practitionerrole)
• AU Core Organization (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/core/StructureDefinition/au-core-organization)
• AU Base Related Person (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/StructureDefinition/au-relatedperson)
• AU Core Diagnostic Result Observation (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/core/StructureDefinition/au-core-diagnosticresult)
• AU Core Pathology Result Observation (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/core/StructureDefinition/au-core-diagnosticresult-path)

Maturity: 2

Below is an overview of the mandatory and optional search parameters and combined search parameters. See the AU Core CapabilityStatements for a complete list of supported RESTful interactions for this IG.

FHIR search operations are described here and the syntax used to describe AU Core interactions is defined here.

Any search parameter defined in FHIR may be ‘allowed’ by the system unless explicitly marked as “SHALL NOT”. A few items are marked as MAY in this implementation guide to highlight their potential relevance.

Mandatory Search Parameters:

The following search parameters and search parameter combinations SHALL be supported:

1. SHALL support searching using the combination of the patient and category search parameters:
   • SHOULD support chained searching of patient canonical identifier patient.identifier (e.g. patient.identifier=[system|][code])

   GET [base]/Observation?patient={Type/}[id]&category={system|}[code]

   Example:

   1. GET [base]/Observation?patient=5678&category=http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/observation-category|survey

   Implementation Notes: Fetches a bundle of all Observation resources for the specified patient and a category code = survey (how to search by reference and how to search by token)

2. SHALL support searching using the combination of the patient and code search parameters:
   • SHOULD support chained searching of patient canonical identifier patient.identifier (e.g. patient.identifier=[system|][code])
   • SHOULD support multipleOr search on code (e.g.code={system|}[code],{system|}[code],...)

   GET [base]/Observation?patient={Type/}[id]&code={system|}[code]{,{system|}[code],...}

   Example:

   1. GET [base]/Observation?patient=5678&code=http://snomed.info/sct|89240007,http://loinc.org|14683-7,http://loinc.org|85354-9

   Implementation Notes: Fetches a bundle of all Observation resources for the specified patient and observation code(s). The Observation code parameter searches Observation.code only. (how to search by reference and how to search by token)

3. SHALL support searching using the combination of the patient and category and date search parameters:
   • SHOULD support chained searching of patient canonical identifier patient.identifier (e.g. patient.identifier=[system|][code])
   • SHALL support these date comparators: gt,lt,ge,le
   • SHOULD support multipleAnd search on date (e.g.date=[date]&date=[date]]&...), and if multipleAnd is supported, SHALL support the search comparators gt,lt,ge,le

   GET [base]/Observation?patient={Type/}[id]&category={system|}[code]&date={gt|lt|ge|le}[date]{&date={gt|lt|ge|le}[date]&...}

   Example:

   1. GET [base]/Observation?patient=5678&category=http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/observation-category|survey&date=ge2020-01-01T00:00:00Z

   Implementation Notes: Fetches a bundle of all Observation resources for the specified patient and date and category (how to search by reference and how to search by token and how to search by date)

Optional Search Parameters:

The following search parameters and search parameter combinations SHOULD be supported:

1. SHOULD support chained searching of patient canonical identifier patient.identifier (e.g. patient.identifier=[system|][code])

   GET [base]/Observation?patient.identifier=[system|][code]

   Example:

   1. GET [base]/Observation?patient.identifier=http://ns.electronichealth.net.au/id/medicare-number|32788511952
   2. GET [base]/Observation?patient.identifier=http://ns.electronichealth.net.au/id/hi/ihi/1.0|8003608833357361

   Implementation Notes: Fetches a bundle of all Observation resources for the specified patient (how to search by reference and how to search by token)

2. SHOULD support searching using the combination of the patient and category and status search parameters:
   • SHOULD support chained searching of patient canonical identifier patient.identifier (e.g. patient.identifier=[system|][code])
   • SHALL support multipleOr search on status (e.g.status={system|}[code],{system|}[code],...)

   GET [base]/Observation?patient={Type/}[id]&category={system|}[code]&status={system|}[code]{,{system|}[code],...}

   Example:

   1. GET [base]/Observation?patient=5678&category=http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/observation-category|survey&status=final

   Implementation Notes: Fetches a bundle of all Observation resources for the specified patient and category and status (how to search by reference and how to search by token)

3. SHOULD support searching using the combination of the patient and code and date search parameters:
   • SHOULD support chained searching of patient canonical identifier patient.identifier (e.g. patient.identifier=[system|][code]
   • SHOULD support multipleOr search on code (e.g.code={system|}[code],{system|}[code],...)
   • SHALL support these date comparators: gt,lt,ge,le
   • SHOULD support multipleAnd search on date (e.g.date=[date]&date=[date]]&...), and if multipleAnd is supported, SHALL support the search comparators gt,lt,ge,le

   GET [base]/Observation?patient={Type/}[id]&code={system|}[code]{,{system|}[code],...}&date={gt|lt|ge|le}[date]{&date={gt|lt|ge|le}[date]&...}

   Example:

   1. GET [base]/Observation?patient=5678&code=http://snomed.info/sct|89240007,http://loinc.org|14683-7,http://loinc.org|85354-9&date=ge2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
   2. GET [base]/Observation?patient.identifier=http://example.org/fhir/mrn|12345&code=http://snomed.info/sct|89240007,http://loinc.org|14683-7,http://loinc.org|85354-9&date=ge2020-01-01T00:00:00Z

   Implementation Notes: Fetches a bundle of all Observation resources for the specified patient and date and observation code(s). SHOULD support search by multiple codes. (how to search by reference and how to search by token and how to search by date)