AU Core Implementation Guide
2.0.0 - Working Standard

AU Core Implementation Guide - Downloaded Version 2.0.0 See the Directory of published versions

## Resource Profile: AU Core Diagnostic Result Observation

Official URL: http://hl7.org.au/fhir/core/StructureDefinition/au-core-diagnosticresult | Version: 2.0.0
Standards status: Trial-use | Maturity Level: 2 | Computable Name: AUCoreDiagnosticResult
Copyright/Legal: Used by permission of HL7 International, all rights reserved Creative Commons License. HL7 Australia© 2022+; Licensed Under Creative Commons No Rights Reserved.

This profile sets minimum expectations for an Observation resource to record, search, and fetch specialist or other diagnostic (non-imaging or non-pathology) results for a patient. It is based on the AU Base Diagnostic Result profile and identifies the additional mandatory core elements, extensions, vocabularies and value sets that SHALL be present in the Observation when conforming to this profile. It provides the floor for standards development for specific uses cases in an Australian context.

See Comparison with other national and international IGs for a comparison between AU Core profiles and profiles in other implementation guides.

### Usage Scenarios

The following are supported usage scenarios for this profile:

- Query for specialist or other diagnostic results for a patient
- Query for category of specialist or other diagnostic results (e.g. all cardiology results)
- Record or update a specialist or other diagnostic result for a patient

There is currently no profile for diagnostic imaging results in AU Core. Implementers can refer to the AU Base Diagnostic Imaging Result profile for guidance on exchanging diagnostic imaging results. Support for imaging result observations may be added to AU Core in the future.

### Profile Specific Implementation Guidance

- `Observation.category` provides an efficient way of supporting system interactions, e.g. restricting searches. Implementers need to understand that data categorisation is somewhat subjective. The categorisation applied by the source may not align with a receiver’s expectations.
- The observations MAY have additional codes that translate or map to the Observation code or category codes. For example:
  - providing a local code
  - providing a more specific code
- The use of coding can vary significantly across systems, requesters need to understand that they may encounter codes they do not recognise and be prepared to handle those resources appropriately. Responders SHOULD populate `Observation.code.text` and/or `Observation.code.coding.display` so that the requester can at least display the observation even if the requester does not recognise the code supplied.
- The Observation resource can represent a result using a single value in `Observation.value`, or can represent a set of results using either `Observation.component.value` or `Observation.hasMember`.
  - Although all are marked as Must Support, responders are not required to support all choices, but they SHALL support at least one of these elements
  - A requester SHALL support all elements (`Observation.value`, `Observation.component.value`, `Observation.hasMember`)
  - for further guidance, see the Observation Grouping section in the FHIR standard.
- `Observation.identifier` may contain the same identifier as in the order or report connecting the resources that are related to a single request fulfilment workflow.
- Source system identifiers that identify the business process (order ids and reporting identifiers) MAY be included as AU Local Order Identifier and AU Local Report Identifier to support workflow and deduplication of Observation resources.
- See guidance on the construction of an identifier on the relevant Identifier profile page and the section on Business Identifiers in AU Base.
- To represent the result of a pathology test, see the AU Core Pathology Result Observation profile.

Usages:

- Refer to this Profile: AU Core Diagnostic Result Observation
- Examples for this Profile: Observation/hearing-threshold-1 and Observation/observation-masked
- CapabilityStatements using this Profile: AU Core Requester CapabilityStatement and AU Core Responder CapabilityStatement

You can also check for usages in the FHIR IG Statistics

Changes since version 1.0.0:

- The resource metadata has changed (description)

### Formal Views of Profile Content

Description of Profiles, Differentials, Snapshots and how the different presentations work.

- Key Elements Table
- Differential Table
- Snapshot Table
- Statistics/References
- All

Name | Flags | Card. | Type | Description & Constraints Filter: Bindings Constraints Obligations
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Observation | C | 0..* | AUBaseDiagnosticResult | A diagnostic result observation in an Australian healthcare context Constraints: obs-6, obs-7, inv-obs-0, inv-obs-1, au-core-obs-01
implicitRules | ?!Σ | 0..1 | uri | A set of rules under which this content was created
Slices for extension |  |  |  | Content/Rules for all slices
extension:bodyStructure | C | 0..1 | Reference(BodyStructure) | Target anatomic location or structure URL: http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/bodySite
modifierExtension | ?! | 0..* | Extension | Extensions that cannot be ignored
status | ?!SO Σ | 1..1 | code | registered | preliminary | final | amended + Binding: ObservationStatus (required): Codes providing the status of an observation.
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
category | SO | 1..* | CodeableConcept | Diagnostic service section Binding: DiagnosticServiceSectionCodes (preferred)
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
code | SO Σ | 1..1 | CodeableConcept | Diagnostic procedure Binding: Evaluation Procedure (example)
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
subject | SO Σ | 1..1 | Reference(AU Core Patient) | Who and/or what the observation is about
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
effective[x] | SO Σ C | 1..1 |  | Clinically relevant time/time-period for observation Constraints: au-core-obs-02
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
effectiveDateTime |  |  | dateTime |
effectivePeriod |  |  | Period |
effectiveTiming |  |  | Timing |
effectiveInstant |  |  | instant |
performer | SO Σ | 0..* | Reference(AU Core Practitioner | AU Core PractitionerRole | AU Core Organization | AU Core Patient | AU Core RelatedPerson) | Who is responsible for the observation
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
value[x] | SO Σ C | 0..1 |  | Actual result
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
valueQuantity |  |  | Quantity |
valueCodeableConcept |  |  | CodeableConcept |
valueString |  |  | string |
valueBoolean |  |  | boolean |
valueInteger |  |  | integer |
valueRange |  |  | Range |
valueRatio |  |  | Ratio |
valueSampledData |  |  | SampledData |
valueTime |  |  | time |
valueDateTime |  |  | dateTime |
valuePeriod |  |  | Period |
dataAbsentReason | SO C | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | Why the result is missing Binding: DataAbsentReason (extensible): Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
bodySite | SO C | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | Observed body part Binding: Body Site (extensible) Constraints: au-core-obs-04
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
hasMember | SO Σ C | 0..* | Reference(AU Core Diagnostic Result Observation | AU Base Diagnostic Imaging Result | AU Core Pathology Result Observation) | Individual observations in a group, study, or panel
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
component | SO Σ C | 0..* | BackboneElement | Component results Constraints: au-core-obs-03
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
modifierExtension | ?!Σ | 0..* | Extension | Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
code | SO Σ | 1..1 | CodeableConcept | Type of component observation (code / type) Binding: LOINCCodes (example): Codes identifying names of simple observations.
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
value[x] | SO Σ C | 0..1 |  | Actual component result
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
valueQuantity |  |  | Quantity |
valueCodeableConcept |  |  | CodeableConcept |
valueString |  |  | string |
valueBoolean |  |  | boolean |
valueInteger |  |  | integer |
valueRange |  |  | Range |
valueRatio |  |  | Ratio |
valueSampledData |  |  | SampledData |
valueTime |  |  | time |
valueDateTime |  |  | dateTime |
valuePeriod |  |  | Period |
dataAbsentReason | SO C | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | Why the component result is missing Binding: DataAbsentReason (extensible): Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
Documentation for this format

#### Terminology Bindings

Path | Status | Usage | ValueSet | Version | Source
Observation.status | Base | required | ObservationStatus | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.category | Base | preferred | Diagnostic Service Section Codes | 📦4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.code | Base | example | Evaluation Procedure | ⏿1.0.0 | tx.hl7.org.au
Observation.dataAbsentReason | Base | extensible | DataAbsentReason | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.bodySite | Base | extensible | Body Site | ⏿1.0.2 | tx.hl7.org.au
Observation.component.​code | Base | example | LOINC Codes | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.component.​dataAbsentReason | Base | extensible | DataAbsentReason | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.

#### Constraints

Id | Grade | Path(s) | Description | Expression
au-core-obs-01 | error | Observation | If there is no component or hasMember element then at least value or data absent reason shall be present | `(component.empty() and hasMember.empty()) implies (dataAbsentReason.exists() or value.exists())`
au-core-obs-02 | error | Observation.effective[x] | Date shall be at least to day or, if not available, the Data Absent Reason extension shall be present | `(($this is dateTime implies $this.toString().length() >= 10) and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists().not()) xor ($this is dateTime implies ($this.hasValue().not() and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists()))`
au-core-obs-03 | error | Observation.component | The component shall at least have a value or a data absent reason | `value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists()`
au-core-obs-04 | error | Observation.bodySite | If a coded body site is provided, at least one coding shall be from SNOMED CT | `coding.exists() implies coding.where(system='http://snomed.info/sct').exists()`
dom-2 | error | Observation | If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources | `contained.contained.empty()`
dom-3 | error | Observation | If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource | `contained.where((('#'+id in (%resource.descendants().reference | %resource.descendants().as(canonical) | %resource.descendants().as(uri) | %resource.descendants().as(url))) or descendants().where(reference = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists()).not()).trace('unmatched', id).empty()`
dom-4 | error | Observation | If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated | `contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty()`
dom-5 | error | Observation | If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label | `contained.meta.security.empty()`
dom-6 | best practice | Observation | A resource should have narrative for robust management | `text.`div`.exists()`
ele-1 | error | **ALL** elements | All FHIR elements must have a @value or children | `hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())`
ext-1 | error | **ALL** extensions | Must have either extensions or value[x], not both | `extension.exists() != value.exists()`
inv-obs-0 | error | Observation | A diagnostic result shall at least have value or data absent reason or a child observation with a value or data absent reason | `value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists() or hasMember.exists() or component.value.exists() or component.dataAbsentReason.exists()`
inv-obs-1 | error | Observation | BodyStructure Reference extension shall only be present if the body site is not present | `bodySite.exists() implies extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/bodySite').empty()`
obs-6 | error | Observation | dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present | `dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty()`
obs-7 | error | Observation | If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present | `value.empty() or component.code.where(coding.intersect(%resource.code.coding).exists()).empty()`

This structure is derived from AUBaseDiagnosticResult

Name | Flags | Card. | Type | Description & Constraints Filter: Bindings Constraints Obligations
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Observation | C | 0..* | AUBaseDiagnosticResult | A diagnostic result observation in an Australian healthcare context Constraints: au-core-obs-01
status | SO | 1..1 | code | registered | preliminary | final | amended +
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
category | SO | 1..* | CodeableConcept | Diagnostic service section
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
code | SO | 1..1 | CodeableConcept | Diagnostic procedure
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
subject | SO | 1..1 | Reference(AU Core Patient) | Who and/or what the observation is about
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
effective[x] | SO C | 1..1 | dateTime, Period, Timing, instant | Clinically relevant time/time-period for observation Constraints: au-core-obs-02
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
performer | SO | 0..* | Reference(AU Core Practitioner | AU Core PractitionerRole | AU Core Organization | AU Core Patient | AU Core RelatedPerson) | Who is responsible for the observation
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
value[x] | SO C | 0..1 | Quantity, CodeableConcept, string, boolean, integer, Range, Ratio, SampledData, time, dateTime, Period | Actual result
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
dataAbsentReason | SO C | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | Why the result is missing
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
bodySite | SO C | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | Observed body part Binding: Body Site (extensible) Constraints: au-core-obs-04
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
hasMember | SO | 0..* | Reference(AU Core Diagnostic Result Observation | AU Base Diagnostic Imaging Result | AU Core Pathology Result Observation) | Individual observations in a group, study, or panel
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
component | SO C | 0..* | BackboneElement | Component results Constraints: au-core-obs-03
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
code | SO | 1..1 | CodeableConcept | Type of component observation (code / type)
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
value[x] | SO C | 0..1 | Quantity, CodeableConcept, string, boolean, integer, Range, Ratio, SampledData, time, dateTime, Period | Actual component result
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
dataAbsentReason | SO C | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | Why the component result is missing
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
Documentation for this format

#### Terminology Bindings (Differential)

Path | Status | Usage | ValueSet | Version | Source
Observation.bodySite | Base | extensible | Body Site | ⏿1.0.2 | tx.hl7.org.au

#### Constraints

Id | Grade | Path(s) | Description | Expression
au-core-obs-01 | error | Observation | If there is no component or hasMember element then at least value or data absent reason shall be present | `(component.empty() and hasMember.empty()) implies (dataAbsentReason.exists() or value.exists())`
au-core-obs-02 | error | Observation.effective[x] | Date shall be at least to day or, if not available, the Data Absent Reason extension shall be present | `(($this is dateTime implies $this.toString().length() >= 10) and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists().not()) xor ($this is dateTime implies ($this.hasValue().not() and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists()))`
au-core-obs-03 | error | Observation.component | The component shall at least have a value or a data absent reason | `value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists()`
au-core-obs-04 | error | Observation.bodySite | If a coded body site is provided, at least one coding shall be from SNOMED CT | `coding.exists() implies coding.where(system='http://snomed.info/sct').exists()`

Name | Flags | Card. | Type | Description & Constraints Filter: Bindings Constraints Obligations
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Observation | C | 0..* | AUBaseDiagnosticResult | A diagnostic result observation in an Australian healthcare context Constraints: obs-6, obs-7, inv-obs-0, inv-obs-1, au-core-obs-01
id | Σ | 0..1 | id | Logical id of this artifact
meta | Σ | 0..1 | Meta | Metadata about the resource
implicitRules | ?!Σ | 0..1 | uri | A set of rules under which this content was created
language |  | 0..1 | code | Language of the resource content Binding: CommonLanguages (preferred): A human language.
Additional Bindings | Purpose
AllLanguages | Max Binding
text |  | 0..1 | Narrative | Text summary of the resource, for human interpretation This profile does not constrain the narrative in regard to content, language, or traceability to data elements
contained |  | 0..* | Resource | Contained, inline Resources
Slices for extension |  | 0..* | Extension | Extension Slice: Unordered, Open by value:url
extension:bodyStructure | C | 0..1 | Reference(BodyStructure) | Target anatomic location or structure URL: http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/bodySite
modifierExtension | ?! | 0..* | Extension | Extensions that cannot be ignored
identifier | Σ | 0..* | Identifier | Business Identifier for observation
basedOn | Σ | 0..* | Reference(CarePlan | DeviceRequest | ImmunizationRecommendation | MedicationRequest | NutritionOrder | ServiceRequest) | Fulfills plan, proposal or order
partOf | Σ | 0..* | Reference(MedicationAdministration | MedicationDispense | MedicationStatement | Procedure | Immunization | ImagingStudy) | Part of referenced event
status | ?!SO Σ | 1..1 | code | registered | preliminary | final | amended + Binding: ObservationStatus (required): Codes providing the status of an observation.
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
category | SO | 1..* | CodeableConcept | Diagnostic service section Binding: DiagnosticServiceSectionCodes (preferred)
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
code | SO Σ | 1..1 | CodeableConcept | Diagnostic procedure Binding: Evaluation Procedure (example)
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
subject | SO Σ | 1..1 | Reference(AU Core Patient) | Who and/or what the observation is about
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
focus | Σ | 0..* | Reference(Resource) | What the observation is about, when it is not about the subject of record
encounter | Σ | 0..1 | Reference(Encounter) | Healthcare event during which this observation is made
effective[x] | SO Σ C | 1..1 |  | Clinically relevant time/time-period for observation Constraints: au-core-obs-02
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
effectiveDateTime |  |  | dateTime |
effectivePeriod |  |  | Period |
effectiveTiming |  |  | Timing |
effectiveInstant |  |  | instant |
issued | Σ | 0..1 | instant | Date/Time this version was made available
performer | SO Σ | 0..* | Reference(AU Core Practitioner | AU Core PractitionerRole | AU Core Organization | AU Core Patient | AU Core RelatedPerson) | Who is responsible for the observation
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
value[x] | SO Σ C | 0..1 |  | Actual result
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
valueQuantity |  |  | Quantity |
valueCodeableConcept |  |  | CodeableConcept |
valueString |  |  | string |
valueBoolean |  |  | boolean |
valueInteger |  |  | integer |
valueRange |  |  | Range |
valueRatio |  |  | Ratio |
valueSampledData |  |  | SampledData |
valueTime |  |  | time |
valueDateTime |  |  | dateTime |
valuePeriod |  |  | Period |
dataAbsentReason | SO C | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | Why the result is missing Binding: DataAbsentReason (extensible): Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
interpretation |  | 0..* | CodeableConcept | High, low, normal, etc. Binding: ObservationInterpretationCodes (extensible): Codes identifying interpretations of observations.
note |  | 0..* | Annotation | Comments about the observation
bodySite | SO C | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | Observed body part Binding: Body Site (extensible) Constraints: au-core-obs-04
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
method |  | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | How it was done Binding: ObservationMethods (example): Methods for simple observations.
specimen |  | 0..1 | Reference(Specimen) | Specimen used for this observation
device |  | 0..1 | Reference(Device | DeviceMetric) | (Measurement) Device
referenceRange | C | 0..* | BackboneElement | Provides guide for interpretation Constraints: obs-3
id |  | 0..1 | string | Unique id for inter-element referencing
extension |  | 0..* | Extension | Additional content defined by implementations
modifierExtension | ?!Σ | 0..* | Extension | Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
low | C | 0..1 | SimpleQuantity(4.0.1) | Low Range, if relevant
high | C | 0..1 | SimpleQuantity(4.0.1) | High Range, if relevant
type |  | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | Reference range qualifier Binding: ObservationReferenceRangeMeaningCodes (preferred): Code for the meaning of a reference range.
appliesTo |  | 0..* | CodeableConcept | Reference range population Binding: ObservationReferenceRangeAppliesToCodes (example): Codes identifying the population the reference range applies to.
age |  | 0..1 | Range | Applicable age range, if relevant
text |  | 0..1 | string | Text based reference range in an observation
hasMember | SO Σ C | 0..* | Reference(AU Core Diagnostic Result Observation | AU Base Diagnostic Imaging Result | AU Core Pathology Result Observation) | Individual observations in a group, study, or panel
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
derivedFrom | Σ | 0..* | Reference(DocumentReference | ImagingStudy | Media | QuestionnaireResponse | Observation | MolecularSequence) | Related measurements the observation is made from
component | SO Σ C | 0..* | BackboneElement | Component results Constraints: au-core-obs-03
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
id |  | 0..1 | string | Unique id for inter-element referencing
extension |  | 0..* | Extension | Additional content defined by implementations
modifierExtension | ?!Σ | 0..* | Extension | Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
code | SO Σ | 1..1 | CodeableConcept | Type of component observation (code / type) Binding: LOINCCodes (example): Codes identifying names of simple observations.
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
value[x] | SO Σ C | 0..1 |  | Actual component result
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
valueQuantity |  |  | Quantity |
valueCodeableConcept |  |  | CodeableConcept |
valueString |  |  | string |
valueBoolean |  |  | boolean |
valueInteger |  |  | integer |
valueRange |  |  | Range |
valueRatio |  |  | Ratio |
valueSampledData |  |  | SampledData |
valueTime |  |  | time |
valueDateTime |  |  | dateTime |
valuePeriod |  |  | Period |
dataAbsentReason | SO C | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | Why the component result is missing Binding: DataAbsentReason (extensible): Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
interpretation |  | 0..* | CodeableConcept | High, low, normal, etc. Binding: ObservationInterpretationCodes (extensible): Codes identifying interpretations of observations.
referenceRange |  | 0..* | See referenceRange (Observation) | Provides guide for interpretation of component result
Documentation for this format

#### Terminology Bindings

Path | Status | Usage | ValueSet | Version | Source
Observation.language | Base | preferred | Common Languages | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.status | Base | required | ObservationStatus | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.category | Base | preferred | Diagnostic Service Section Codes | 📦4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.code | Base | example | Evaluation Procedure | ⏿1.0.0 | tx.hl7.org.au
Observation.dataAbsentReason | Base | extensible | DataAbsentReason | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.interpretation | Base | extensible | Observation Interpretation Codes | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.bodySite | Base | extensible | Body Site | ⏿1.0.2 | tx.hl7.org.au
Observation.method | Base | example | Observation Methods | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.referenceRange.​type | Base | preferred | Observation Reference Range Meaning Codes | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.referenceRange.​appliesTo | Base | example | Observation Reference Range Applies To Codes | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.component.​code | Base | example | LOINC Codes | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.component.​dataAbsentReason | Base | extensible | DataAbsentReason | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.component.​interpretation | Base | extensible | Observation Interpretation Codes | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.

#### Constraints

Id | Grade | Path(s) | Description | Expression
au-core-obs-01 | error | Observation | If there is no component or hasMember element then at least value or data absent reason shall be present | `(component.empty() and hasMember.empty()) implies (dataAbsentReason.exists() or value.exists())`
au-core-obs-02 | error | Observation.effective[x] | Date shall be at least to day or, if not available, the Data Absent Reason extension shall be present | `(($this is dateTime implies $this.toString().length() >= 10) and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists().not()) xor ($this is dateTime implies ($this.hasValue().not() and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists()))`
au-core-obs-03 | error | Observation.component | The component shall at least have a value or a data absent reason | `value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists()`
au-core-obs-04 | error | Observation.bodySite | If a coded body site is provided, at least one coding shall be from SNOMED CT | `coding.exists() implies coding.where(system='http://snomed.info/sct').exists()`
dom-2 | error | Observation | If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources | `contained.contained.empty()`
dom-3 | error | Observation | If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource | `contained.where((('#'+id in (%resource.descendants().reference | %resource.descendants().as(canonical) | %resource.descendants().as(uri) | %resource.descendants().as(url))) or descendants().where(reference = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists()).not()).trace('unmatched', id).empty()`
dom-4 | error | Observation | If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated | `contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty()`
dom-5 | error | Observation | If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label | `contained.meta.security.empty()`
dom-6 | best practice | Observation | A resource should have narrative for robust management | `text.`div`.exists()`
ele-1 | error | **ALL** elements | All FHIR elements must have a @value or children | `hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())`
ext-1 | error | **ALL** extensions | Must have either extensions or value[x], not both | `extension.exists() != value.exists()`
inv-obs-0 | error | Observation | A diagnostic result shall at least have value or data absent reason or a child observation with a value or data absent reason | `value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists() or hasMember.exists() or component.value.exists() or component.dataAbsentReason.exists()`
inv-obs-1 | error | Observation | BodyStructure Reference extension shall only be present if the body site is not present | `bodySite.exists() implies extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/bodySite').empty()`
obs-3 | error | Observation.referenceRange | Must have at least a low or a high or text | `low.exists() or high.exists() or text.exists()`
obs-6 | error | Observation | dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present | `dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty()`
obs-7 | error | Observation | If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present | `value.empty() or component.code.where(coding.intersect(%resource.code.coding).exists()).empty()`

This structure is derived from AUBaseDiagnosticResult

Summary

Mandatory: 3 elements
Must-Support: 14 elements

Structures

This structure refers to these other structures:

- AU Core Patient (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/core/StructureDefinition/au-core-patient)
- AU Core Practitioner (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/core/StructureDefinition/au-core-practitioner)
- AU Core PractitionerRole (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/core/StructureDefinition/au-core-practitionerrole)
- AU Core Organization (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/core/StructureDefinition/au-core-organization)
- AU Core RelatedPerson (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/core/StructureDefinition/au-core-relatedperson)
- AU Core Diagnostic Result Observation (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/core/StructureDefinition/au-core-diagnosticresult)
- AU Base Diagnostic Imaging Result (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/StructureDefinition/au-imagingresult)
- AU Core Pathology Result Observation (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/core/StructureDefinition/au-core-diagnosticresult-path)

Maturity: 2

Key Elements View

Name | Flags | Card. | Type | Description & Constraints Filter: Bindings Constraints Obligations
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Observation | C | 0..* | AUBaseDiagnosticResult | A diagnostic result observation in an Australian healthcare context Constraints: obs-6, obs-7, inv-obs-0, inv-obs-1, au-core-obs-01
implicitRules | ?!Σ | 0..1 | uri | A set of rules under which this content was created
Slices for extension |  |  |  | Content/Rules for all slices
extension:bodyStructure | C | 0..1 | Reference(BodyStructure) | Target anatomic location or structure URL: http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/bodySite
modifierExtension | ?! | 0..* | Extension | Extensions that cannot be ignored
status | ?!SO Σ | 1..1 | code | registered | preliminary | final | amended + Binding: ObservationStatus (required): Codes providing the status of an observation.
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
category | SO | 1..* | CodeableConcept | Diagnostic service section Binding: DiagnosticServiceSectionCodes (preferred)
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
code | SO Σ | 1..1 | CodeableConcept | Diagnostic procedure Binding: Evaluation Procedure (example)
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
subject | SO Σ | 1..1 | Reference(AU Core Patient) | Who and/or what the observation is about
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
effective[x] | SO Σ C | 1..1 |  | Clinically relevant time/time-period for observation Constraints: au-core-obs-02
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
effectiveDateTime |  |  | dateTime |
effectivePeriod |  |  | Period |
effectiveTiming |  |  | Timing |
effectiveInstant |  |  | instant |
performer | SO Σ | 0..* | Reference(AU Core Practitioner | AU Core PractitionerRole | AU Core Organization | AU Core Patient | AU Core RelatedPerson) | Who is responsible for the observation
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
value[x] | SO Σ C | 0..1 |  | Actual result
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
valueQuantity |  |  | Quantity |
valueCodeableConcept |  |  | CodeableConcept |
valueString |  |  | string |
valueBoolean |  |  | boolean |
valueInteger |  |  | integer |
valueRange |  |  | Range |
valueRatio |  |  | Ratio |
valueSampledData |  |  | SampledData |
valueTime |  |  | time |
valueDateTime |  |  | dateTime |
valuePeriod |  |  | Period |
dataAbsentReason | SO C | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | Why the result is missing Binding: DataAbsentReason (extensible): Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
bodySite | SO C | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | Observed body part Binding: Body Site (extensible) Constraints: au-core-obs-04
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
hasMember | SO Σ C | 0..* | Reference(AU Core Diagnostic Result Observation | AU Base Diagnostic Imaging Result | AU Core Pathology Result Observation) | Individual observations in a group, study, or panel
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
component | SO Σ C | 0..* | BackboneElement | Component results Constraints: au-core-obs-03
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
modifierExtension | ?!Σ | 0..* | Extension | Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
code | SO Σ | 1..1 | CodeableConcept | Type of component observation (code / type) Binding: LOINCCodes (example): Codes identifying names of simple observations.
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
value[x] | SO Σ C | 0..1 |  | Actual component result
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
valueQuantity |  |  | Quantity |
valueCodeableConcept |  |  | CodeableConcept |
valueString |  |  | string |
valueBoolean |  |  | boolean |
valueInteger |  |  | integer |
valueRange |  |  | Range |
valueRatio |  |  | Ratio |
valueSampledData |  |  | SampledData |
valueTime |  |  | time |
valueDateTime |  |  | dateTime |
valuePeriod |  |  | Period |
dataAbsentReason | SO C | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | Why the component result is missing Binding: DataAbsentReason (extensible): Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
Documentation for this format

#### Terminology Bindings

Path | Status | Usage | ValueSet | Version | Source
Observation.status | Base | required | ObservationStatus | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.category | Base | preferred | Diagnostic Service Section Codes | 📦4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.code | Base | example | Evaluation Procedure | ⏿1.0.0 | tx.hl7.org.au
Observation.dataAbsentReason | Base | extensible | DataAbsentReason | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.bodySite | Base | extensible | Body Site | ⏿1.0.2 | tx.hl7.org.au
Observation.component.​code | Base | example | LOINC Codes | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.component.​dataAbsentReason | Base | extensible | DataAbsentReason | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.

#### Constraints

Id | Grade | Path(s) | Description | Expression
au-core-obs-01 | error | Observation | If there is no component or hasMember element then at least value or data absent reason shall be present | `(component.empty() and hasMember.empty()) implies (dataAbsentReason.exists() or value.exists())`
au-core-obs-02 | error | Observation.effective[x] | Date shall be at least to day or, if not available, the Data Absent Reason extension shall be present | `(($this is dateTime implies $this.toString().length() >= 10) and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists().not()) xor ($this is dateTime implies ($this.hasValue().not() and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists()))`
au-core-obs-03 | error | Observation.component | The component shall at least have a value or a data absent reason | `value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists()`
au-core-obs-04 | error | Observation.bodySite | If a coded body site is provided, at least one coding shall be from SNOMED CT | `coding.exists() implies coding.where(system='http://snomed.info/sct').exists()`
dom-2 | error | Observation | If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources | `contained.contained.empty()`
dom-3 | error | Observation | If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource | `contained.where((('#'+id in (%resource.descendants().reference | %resource.descendants().as(canonical) | %resource.descendants().as(uri) | %resource.descendants().as(url))) or descendants().where(reference = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists()).not()).trace('unmatched', id).empty()`
dom-4 | error | Observation | If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated | `contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty()`
dom-5 | error | Observation | If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label | `contained.meta.security.empty()`
dom-6 | best practice | Observation | A resource should have narrative for robust management | `text.`div`.exists()`
ele-1 | error | **ALL** elements | All FHIR elements must have a @value or children | `hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())`
ext-1 | error | **ALL** extensions | Must have either extensions or value[x], not both | `extension.exists() != value.exists()`
inv-obs-0 | error | Observation | A diagnostic result shall at least have value or data absent reason or a child observation with a value or data absent reason | `value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists() or hasMember.exists() or component.value.exists() or component.dataAbsentReason.exists()`
inv-obs-1 | error | Observation | BodyStructure Reference extension shall only be present if the body site is not present | `bodySite.exists() implies extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/bodySite').empty()`
obs-6 | error | Observation | dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present | `dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty()`
obs-7 | error | Observation | If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present | `value.empty() or component.code.where(coding.intersect(%resource.code.coding).exists()).empty()`

Differential View

This structure is derived from AUBaseDiagnosticResult

Name | Flags | Card. | Type | Description & Constraints Filter: Bindings Constraints Obligations
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Observation | C | 0..* | AUBaseDiagnosticResult | A diagnostic result observation in an Australian healthcare context Constraints: au-core-obs-01
status | SO | 1..1 | code | registered | preliminary | final | amended +
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
category | SO | 1..* | CodeableConcept | Diagnostic service section
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
code | SO | 1..1 | CodeableConcept | Diagnostic procedure
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
subject | SO | 1..1 | Reference(AU Core Patient) | Who and/or what the observation is about
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
effective[x] | SO C | 1..1 | dateTime, Period, Timing, instant | Clinically relevant time/time-period for observation Constraints: au-core-obs-02
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
performer | SO | 0..* | Reference(AU Core Practitioner | AU Core PractitionerRole | AU Core Organization | AU Core Patient | AU Core RelatedPerson) | Who is responsible for the observation
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
value[x] | SO C | 0..1 | Quantity, CodeableConcept, string, boolean, integer, Range, Ratio, SampledData, time, dateTime, Period | Actual result
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
dataAbsentReason | SO C | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | Why the result is missing
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
bodySite | SO C | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | Observed body part Binding: Body Site (extensible) Constraints: au-core-obs-04
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
hasMember | SO | 0..* | Reference(AU Core Diagnostic Result Observation | AU Base Diagnostic Imaging Result | AU Core Pathology Result Observation) | Individual observations in a group, study, or panel
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
component | SO C | 0..* | BackboneElement | Component results Constraints: au-core-obs-03
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
code | SO | 1..1 | CodeableConcept | Type of component observation (code / type)
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
value[x] | SO C | 0..1 | Quantity, CodeableConcept, string, boolean, integer, Range, Ratio, SampledData, time, dateTime, Period | Actual component result
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
dataAbsentReason | SO C | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | Why the component result is missing
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
Documentation for this format

#### Terminology Bindings (Differential)

Path | Status | Usage | ValueSet | Version | Source
Observation.bodySite | Base | extensible | Body Site | ⏿1.0.2 | tx.hl7.org.au

#### Constraints

Id | Grade | Path(s) | Description | Expression
au-core-obs-01 | error | Observation | If there is no component or hasMember element then at least value or data absent reason shall be present | `(component.empty() and hasMember.empty()) implies (dataAbsentReason.exists() or value.exists())`
au-core-obs-02 | error | Observation.effective[x] | Date shall be at least to day or, if not available, the Data Absent Reason extension shall be present | `(($this is dateTime implies $this.toString().length() >= 10) and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists().not()) xor ($this is dateTime implies ($this.hasValue().not() and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists()))`
au-core-obs-03 | error | Observation.component | The component shall at least have a value or a data absent reason | `value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists()`
au-core-obs-04 | error | Observation.bodySite | If a coded body site is provided, at least one coding shall be from SNOMED CT | `coding.exists() implies coding.where(system='http://snomed.info/sct').exists()`

Snapshot View

Name | Flags | Card. | Type | Description & Constraints Filter: Bindings Constraints Obligations
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Observation | C | 0..* | AUBaseDiagnosticResult | A diagnostic result observation in an Australian healthcare context Constraints: obs-6, obs-7, inv-obs-0, inv-obs-1, au-core-obs-01
id | Σ | 0..1 | id | Logical id of this artifact
meta | Σ | 0..1 | Meta | Metadata about the resource
implicitRules | ?!Σ | 0..1 | uri | A set of rules under which this content was created
language |  | 0..1 | code | Language of the resource content Binding: CommonLanguages (preferred): A human language.
Additional Bindings | Purpose
AllLanguages | Max Binding
text |  | 0..1 | Narrative | Text summary of the resource, for human interpretation This profile does not constrain the narrative in regard to content, language, or traceability to data elements
contained |  | 0..* | Resource | Contained, inline Resources
Slices for extension |  | 0..* | Extension | Extension Slice: Unordered, Open by value:url
extension:bodyStructure | C | 0..1 | Reference(BodyStructure) | Target anatomic location or structure URL: http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/bodySite
modifierExtension | ?! | 0..* | Extension | Extensions that cannot be ignored
identifier | Σ | 0..* | Identifier | Business Identifier for observation
basedOn | Σ | 0..* | Reference(CarePlan | DeviceRequest | ImmunizationRecommendation | MedicationRequest | NutritionOrder | ServiceRequest) | Fulfills plan, proposal or order
partOf | Σ | 0..* | Reference(MedicationAdministration | MedicationDispense | MedicationStatement | Procedure | Immunization | ImagingStudy) | Part of referenced event
status | ?!SO Σ | 1..1 | code | registered | preliminary | final | amended + Binding: ObservationStatus (required): Codes providing the status of an observation.
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
category | SO | 1..* | CodeableConcept | Diagnostic service section Binding: DiagnosticServiceSectionCodes (preferred)
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
code | SO Σ | 1..1 | CodeableConcept | Diagnostic procedure Binding: Evaluation Procedure (example)
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
subject | SO Σ | 1..1 | Reference(AU Core Patient) | Who and/or what the observation is about
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
focus | Σ | 0..* | Reference(Resource) | What the observation is about, when it is not about the subject of record
encounter | Σ | 0..1 | Reference(Encounter) | Healthcare event during which this observation is made
effective[x] | SO Σ C | 1..1 |  | Clinically relevant time/time-period for observation Constraints: au-core-obs-02
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
effectiveDateTime |  |  | dateTime |
effectivePeriod |  |  | Period |
effectiveTiming |  |  | Timing |
effectiveInstant |  |  | instant |
issued | Σ | 0..1 | instant | Date/Time this version was made available
performer | SO Σ | 0..* | Reference(AU Core Practitioner | AU Core PractitionerRole | AU Core Organization | AU Core Patient | AU Core RelatedPerson) | Who is responsible for the observation
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
value[x] | SO Σ C | 0..1 |  | Actual result
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
valueQuantity |  |  | Quantity |
valueCodeableConcept |  |  | CodeableConcept |
valueString |  |  | string |
valueBoolean |  |  | boolean |
valueInteger |  |  | integer |
valueRange |  |  | Range |
valueRatio |  |  | Ratio |
valueSampledData |  |  | SampledData |
valueTime |  |  | time |
valueDateTime |  |  | dateTime |
valuePeriod |  |  | Period |
dataAbsentReason | SO C | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | Why the result is missing Binding: DataAbsentReason (extensible): Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
interpretation |  | 0..* | CodeableConcept | High, low, normal, etc. Binding: ObservationInterpretationCodes (extensible): Codes identifying interpretations of observations.
note |  | 0..* | Annotation | Comments about the observation
bodySite | SO C | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | Observed body part Binding: Body Site (extensible) Constraints: au-core-obs-04
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
method |  | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | How it was done Binding: ObservationMethods (example): Methods for simple observations.
specimen |  | 0..1 | Reference(Specimen) | Specimen used for this observation
device |  | 0..1 | Reference(Device | DeviceMetric) | (Measurement) Device
referenceRange | C | 0..* | BackboneElement | Provides guide for interpretation Constraints: obs-3
id |  | 0..1 | string | Unique id for inter-element referencing
extension |  | 0..* | Extension | Additional content defined by implementations
modifierExtension | ?!Σ | 0..* | Extension | Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
low | C | 0..1 | SimpleQuantity(4.0.1) | Low Range, if relevant
high | C | 0..1 | SimpleQuantity(4.0.1) | High Range, if relevant
type |  | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | Reference range qualifier Binding: ObservationReferenceRangeMeaningCodes (preferred): Code for the meaning of a reference range.
appliesTo |  | 0..* | CodeableConcept | Reference range population Binding: ObservationReferenceRangeAppliesToCodes (example): Codes identifying the population the reference range applies to.
age |  | 0..1 | Range | Applicable age range, if relevant
text |  | 0..1 | string | Text based reference range in an observation
hasMember | SO Σ C | 0..* | Reference(AU Core Diagnostic Result Observation | AU Base Diagnostic Imaging Result | AU Core Pathology Result Observation) | Individual observations in a group, study, or panel
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
derivedFrom | Σ | 0..* | Reference(DocumentReference | ImagingStudy | Media | QuestionnaireResponse | Observation | MolecularSequence) | Related measurements the observation is made from
component | SO Σ C | 0..* | BackboneElement | Component results Constraints: au-core-obs-03
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
id |  | 0..1 | string | Unique id for inter-element referencing
extension |  | 0..* | Extension | Additional content defined by implementations
modifierExtension | ?!Σ | 0..* | Extension | Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
code | SO Σ | 1..1 | CodeableConcept | Type of component observation (code / type) Binding: LOINCCodes (example): Codes identifying names of simple observations.
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
value[x] | SO Σ C | 0..1 |  | Actual component result
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
valueQuantity |  |  | Quantity |
valueCodeableConcept |  |  | CodeableConcept |
valueString |  |  | string |
valueBoolean |  |  | boolean |
valueInteger |  |  | integer |
valueRange |  |  | Range |
valueRatio |  |  | Ratio |
valueSampledData |  |  | SampledData |
valueTime |  |  | time |
valueDateTime |  |  | dateTime |
valuePeriod |  |  | Period |
dataAbsentReason | SO C | 0..1 | CodeableConcept | Why the component result is missing Binding: DataAbsentReason (extensible): Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.
Obligations | Actor
SHALL:populate-if-known | AU Core Responder
SHALL:no-error | AU Core Requester
interpretation |  | 0..* | CodeableConcept | High, low, normal, etc. Binding: ObservationInterpretationCodes (extensible): Codes identifying interpretations of observations.
referenceRange |  | 0..* | See referenceRange (Observation) | Provides guide for interpretation of component result
Documentation for this format

#### Terminology Bindings

Path | Status | Usage | ValueSet | Version | Source
Observation.language | Base | preferred | Common Languages | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.status | Base | required | ObservationStatus | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.category | Base | preferred | Diagnostic Service Section Codes | 📦4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.code | Base | example | Evaluation Procedure | ⏿1.0.0 | tx.hl7.org.au
Observation.dataAbsentReason | Base | extensible | DataAbsentReason | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.interpretation | Base | extensible | Observation Interpretation Codes | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.bodySite | Base | extensible | Body Site | ⏿1.0.2 | tx.hl7.org.au
Observation.method | Base | example | Observation Methods | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.referenceRange.​type | Base | preferred | Observation Reference Range Meaning Codes | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.referenceRange.​appliesTo | Base | example | Observation Reference Range Applies To Codes | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.component.​code | Base | example | LOINC Codes | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.component.​dataAbsentReason | Base | extensible | DataAbsentReason | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.
Observation.component.​interpretation | Base | extensible | Observation Interpretation Codes | 📍4.0.1 | FHIR Std.

#### Constraints

Id | Grade | Path(s) | Description | Expression
au-core-obs-01 | error | Observation | If there is no component or hasMember element then at least value or data absent reason shall be present | `(component.empty() and hasMember.empty()) implies (dataAbsentReason.exists() or value.exists())`
au-core-obs-02 | error | Observation.effective[x] | Date shall be at least to day or, if not available, the Data Absent Reason extension shall be present | `(($this is dateTime implies $this.toString().length() >= 10) and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists().not()) xor ($this is dateTime implies ($this.hasValue().not() and extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/data-absent-reason').value.exists()))`
au-core-obs-03 | error | Observation.component | The component shall at least have a value or a data absent reason | `value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists()`
au-core-obs-04 | error | Observation.bodySite | If a coded body site is provided, at least one coding shall be from SNOMED CT | `coding.exists() implies coding.where(system='http://snomed.info/sct').exists()`
dom-2 | error | Observation | If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources | `contained.contained.empty()`
dom-3 | error | Observation | If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource | `contained.where((('#'+id in (%resource.descendants().reference | %resource.descendants().as(canonical) | %resource.descendants().as(uri) | %resource.descendants().as(url))) or descendants().where(reference = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists()).not()).trace('unmatched', id).empty()`
dom-4 | error | Observation | If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated | `contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty()`
dom-5 | error | Observation | If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label | `contained.meta.security.empty()`
dom-6 | best practice | Observation | A resource should have narrative for robust management | `text.`div`.exists()`
ele-1 | error | **ALL** elements | All FHIR elements must have a @value or children | `hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())`
ext-1 | error | **ALL** extensions | Must have either extensions or value[x], not both | `extension.exists() != value.exists()`
inv-obs-0 | error | Observation | A diagnostic result shall at least have value or data absent reason or a child observation with a value or data absent reason | `value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists() or hasMember.exists() or component.value.exists() or component.dataAbsentReason.exists()`
inv-obs-1 | error | Observation | BodyStructure Reference extension shall only be present if the body site is not present | `bodySite.exists() implies extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/bodySite').empty()`
obs-3 | error | Observation.referenceRange | Must have at least a low or a high or text | `low.exists() or high.exists() or text.exists()`
obs-6 | error | Observation | dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present | `dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty()`
obs-7 | error | Observation | If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present | `value.empty() or component.code.where(coding.intersect(%resource.code.coding).exists()).empty()`

This structure is derived from AUBaseDiagnosticResult

Summary

Mandatory: 3 elements
Must-Support: 14 elements

Structures

This structure refers to these other structures:

- AU Core Patient (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/core/StructureDefinition/au-core-patient)
- AU Core Practitioner (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/core/StructureDefinition/au-core-practitioner)
- AU Core PractitionerRole (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/core/StructureDefinition/au-core-practitionerrole)
- AU Core Organization (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/core/StructureDefinition/au-core-organization)
- AU Core RelatedPerson (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/core/StructureDefinition/au-core-relatedperson)
- AU Core Diagnostic Result Observation (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/core/StructureDefinition/au-core-diagnosticresult)
- AU Base Diagnostic Imaging Result (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/StructureDefinition/au-imagingresult)
- AU Core Pathology Result Observation (http://hl7.org.au/fhir/core/StructureDefinition/au-core-diagnosticresult-path)

Maturity: 2

Other representations of profile: CSV, Excel, Schematron

### Notes:

Below is an overview of the mandatory and optional search parameters and combined search parameters. See the AU Core CapabilityStatements for a complete list of supported RESTful interactions for this IG.

FHIR search operations are described here and the syntax used to describe AU Core interactions is defined here.

Any search parameter defined in FHIR may be 'allowed' by the system unless explicitly marked as "SHALL NOT". A few items are marked as MAY in this implementation guide to highlight their potential relevance.

Parameter(s) | Conformance | Type(s) | Requirements (when used alone or in combination)
--- | --- | --- | ---
patient+category | SHALL | `reference`+`token` |
patient+category+date | SHALL | `reference`+`token`+`date` |
patient+code | SHALL | `reference`+`token` |
patient+category+status | SHOULD | `reference`+`token`+`token` |
patient+code+date | SHOULD | `reference`+`token`+`date` |
patient | MAY | `reference` | The requester SHALL provide at least an id value and MAY provide both the Type and id values. The responder SHALL support both. The requester SHOULD support chained search patient.identifier using IHI, Medicare Number, and DVA Number identifiers as defined in the AU Core Patient profile. The responder SHOULD support chained search patient.identifier using IHI, Medicare Number, and DVA Number identifiers as defined in the AU Core Patient profile.
category | MAY | `token` | The requester SHALL provide at least a code value and MAY provide both the system and code values. The responder SHALL support both. The requester SHALL support search using the category code defined in this profile. The responder SHALL support search using the category code defined in this profile.
code | MAY | `token` | The requester SHALL provide at least a code value and MAY provide both the system and code values. The responder SHALL support both. The requester SHALL support search using the LOINC codes defined in this profile. The responder SHALL support search using the LOINC codes defined in this profile. The requester SHALL support `multipleOr`. The responder SHALL support `multipleOr`.
date | MAY | `date` | A requester SHALL provide a value precise to the second + time offset. A responder SHALL support a value precise to the second + time offset. The requester SHALL support these search comparators `gt`, `lt`, `ge`, `le`. The responder SHALL support these search comparators `gt`, `lt`, `ge`, `le`. The requester SHOULD support `multipleAnd`, and if `multipleAnd` is supported, SHALL support the search comparators `gt`, `lt`, `ge`, `le`. The responder SHOULD support `multipleAnd`, and if `multipleAnd` is supported, SHALL support the search comparators `gt`, `lt`, `ge`, `le`.
status | MAY | `token` | The requester SHALL provide at least a code value and MAY provide both the system and code values. The responder SHALL support both. The requester SHALL support `multipleOr`.The responder SHALL support `multipleOr`.

#### Mandatory Search Parameters:

The following search parameters and search parameter combinations SHALL be supported:

1. SHALL support searching using the combination of the `patient` and `category` search parameters:
   - SHOULD support chained searching of patient canonical identifier `patient.identifier` (e.g. `patient.identifier=[system|][code]`)

   `GET [base]/Observation?patient={Type/}[id]&category={system|}[code]`

   Example:

   1. GET [base]/Observation?patient=5678&category=http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/observation-category|survey

   Implementation Notes: Fetches a bundle of all Observation resources for the specified patient and a category code = `survey` (how to search by reference and how to search by token)

2. SHALL support searching using the combination of the `patient` and `code` search parameters:
   - SHOULD support chained searching of patient canonical identifier `patient.identifier` (e.g. `patient.identifier=[system|][code]`)
   - SHOULD support multipleOr search on `code` (e.g. `code={system|}[code],{system|}[code],...`)

   `GET [base]/Observation?patient={Type/}[id]&code={system|}[code]{,{system|}[code],...}`

   Example:

   1. GET [base]/Observation?patient=5678&code=http://snomed.info/sct|89240007,http://loinc.org|14683-7,http://loinc.org|85354-9

   Implementation Notes: Fetches a bundle of all Observation resources for the specified patient and observation code(s). The Observation `code` parameter searches `Observation.code` only. (how to search by reference and how to search by token)

3. SHALL support searching using the combination of the `patient` and `category` and `date` search parameters:
   - SHOULD support chained searching of patient canonical identifier `patient.identifier` (e.g. `patient.identifier=[system|][code]`)
   - SHALL support these `date` comparators: `gt,lt,ge,le`
   - SHOULD support multipleAnd search on `date` (e.g. `date=[date]&date=[date]]&...`), and if multipleAnd is supported, SHALL support the search comparators `gt,lt,ge,le`

   `GET [base]/Observation?patient={Type/}[id]&category={system|}[code]&date={gt|lt|ge|le}[date]{&date={gt|lt|ge|le}[date]&...}`

   Example:

   1. GET [base]/Observation?patient=5678&category=http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/observation-category|survey&date=ge2020-01-01T00:00:00Z

   Implementation Notes: Fetches a bundle of all Observation resources for the specified patient and date and category (how to search by reference and how to search by token and how to search by date)

#### Optional Search Parameters:

The following search parameters and search parameter combinations SHOULD be supported:

1. SHOULD support chained searching of patient canonical identifier `patient.identifier` (e.g. `patient.identifier=[system|][code]`)

   `GET [base]/Observation?patient.identifier=[system|][code]`

   Example:

   1. GET [base]/Observation?patient.identifier=http://ns.electronichealth.net.au/id/medicare-number|32788511952
   2. GET [base]/Observation?patient.identifier=http://ns.electronichealth.net.au/id/hi/ihi/1.0|8003608833357361

   Implementation Notes: Fetches a bundle of all Observation resources for the specified patient (how to search by reference and how to search by token)

2. SHOULD support searching using the combination of the `patient` and `category` and `status` search parameters:
   - SHOULD support chained searching of patient canonical identifier `patient.identifier` (e.g. `patient.identifier=[system|][code]`)
   - SHALL support multipleOr search on `status` (e.g. `status={system|}[code],{system|}[code],...`)

   `GET [base]/Observation?patient={Type/}[id]&category={system|}[code]&status={system|}[code]{,{system|}[code],...}`

   Example:

   1. GET [base]/Observation?patient=5678&category=http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/observation-category|survey&status=final

   Implementation Notes: Fetches a bundle of all Observation resources for the specified patient and category and status (how to search by reference and how to search by token)

3. SHOULD support searching using the combination of the `patient` and `code` and `date` search parameters:
   - SHOULD support chained searching of patient canonical identifier `patient.identifier` (e.g. `patient.identifier=[system|][code]`
   - SHOULD support multipleOr search on `code` (e.g. `code={system|}[code],{system|}[code],...`)
   - SHALL support these `date` comparators: `gt,lt,ge,le`
   - SHOULD support multipleAnd search on `date` (e.g. `date=[date]&date=[date]]&...`), and if multipleAnd is supported, SHALL support the search comparators `gt,lt,ge,le`

   `GET [base]/Observation?patient={Type/}[id]&code={system|}[code]{,{system|}[code],...}&date={gt|lt|ge|le}[date]{&date={gt|lt|ge|le}[date]&...}`

   Example:

   1. GET [base]/Observation?patient=5678&code=http://snomed.info/sct|89240007,http://loinc.org|14683-7,http://loinc.org|85354-9&date=ge2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
   2. GET [base]/Observation?patient.identifier=http://example.org/fhir/mrn|12345&code=http://snomed.info/sct|89240007,http://loinc.org|14683-7,http://loinc.org|85354-9&date=ge2020-01-01T00:00:00Z

   Implementation Notes: Fetches a bundle of all Observation resources for the specified patient and date and observation code(s). SHOULD support search by multiple codes. (how to search by reference and how to search by token and how to search by date)